Epidemiology, prevention and control of cholera in. Molecular epidemiology of geographically dispersed vibrio. These bacteria are mainly found in humans although the bacteria may be found in brackish water and estuaries. The bacteria typically live in waters that are somewhat salty and warm, such as estuaries and waters along coastal areas. Changes in environmental parameters do shape the epidemiology of vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae, a member of the family vibrionaceae, is a facultatively anaerobic, gramnegative, nonsporeforming curved rod, about 1. Molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o9 in china. Molecular epidemiology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae. Cholera is characterized by a severe watery diarrhea caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae, which colonizes the small intestine and produces an enterotoxin, cholera toxin ct 93, 108, 149. Vibrio cholerae vibrio cholerae 01 infections in jos, nigeria. Within the global phylogeny, all isolates from pakistan formed 2 new.
Changing molecular epidemiology of vibrio cholerae. An epidemiological study of vibrio cholerae o1 in the. Vibrio cholerae o9, the second etiological serogroup of cholera, triggered the first outbreak of o9 cholera in china in 1993. Cholera epidemiology and response factsheet nigeria cholera epidemiology and response factsheet nigeria cholera overview cholera was first reported in nigeria in 1970.
Thus, cholera pathogenesis relies on the synergistic effect of a number of pathogenic factors pro duced by toxigenic v. Vellore is endemic for cholera due to vibrio cholerae o1 and o9. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by vibrio cholera and transmitted by the fecaloral route. The source of contamination in epidemics is usually the feces of cholera patients.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness, caused by the toxigenic strains of the bacterium vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 or o9 1, 2. Since centuries, cholera has been a subject of interest for epidemiologists. General knowledge and epidemiological aspects vicento diabeno, erick kamangu department of basic sciences, faculty of medicine, university of kinshasa, kinshasa, drc abstract cholera is an infectious diarrheal disease, highly contagious transmitted by a gramnegative bacteria, vibrio cholerae. How vibrio cholerae spreads around the world and what determines its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not known. Cholera is an acute infection of the small intestine that is a particular problem in developing countries where access to clean drinking water and hygiene measures are poor. It is one of the important public health problems in asia and africa and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. In september 1981, an isolated case of nono1 vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis occurred in a laconia, new hampshire, resident following consumption of raw clams harvested from new england coastal waters. The incubation period for vibrio vulnificus is usually between 12 72 hours after consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Except for the seventh pandemic which originated in indonesia, six of the pandemics arose from the indian subcontinent, usually from. Cdph idb guidance for managing select communicable diseases noncholera vibrio infections march 5, 2020 page 4 iii. Though we did not culture water to confirm contamination with vibrio cholerae, we hypothesize that the cholera epidemic in kasese 2017 was sparked off by consumption of contaminated water following the heavy floods that washed away latrines into water sources in bwera, isango and nakiyumbu subcounties. In a previous study the prevalence of vibrio cholerae in drinking water, lakes and sewage outfalls in a single 2months period in vellore, india was determined. A recent spatial modelling technique estimated that around 2.
Epidemiology of cholera in conjunction with the genomics of vibrio. Emergence and evolution of vibrio cholerae o9 pnas. Vibrio vulnificus is a free living organism found in marine waters. Cases of vibrio parahaemolyticus usually occur during the summer months, due to the fact that the organism can be found floating free in coastal waters and in fish and shellfish.
Epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio. It is classified according to its major surface antigen into around 206 serogroups, of which o1 and o9 cause epidemic cholera. Detection of vibrio infections requires a good clinical history and the use of appropriate isolation and identification procedures by the laboratory to confirm illnesses attributed to vibrio species. Vibrio cholerae o9 has caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only caused sporadic cases, with none identified outside of asia 7.
Cholera epidemiology and response factsheet nigeria cholera epidemiology and response factsheet nigeria. Molecular epidemiology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae request pdf. Epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio cholerae. Cholera is endemic in southern asia and parts of africa and latin america, where seasonal outbreaks occur widely and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Vibrio vulnificus expert information and epidemiology. Following microscopic identification of cholera vibrios by pacini in 1854.
Cholera is a contagious diarrheal disease caused by toxins produced by certain vibrio cholerae bacteria. Cholera, caused by the bacteria vibrio cholerae, is rare in the united states and other industrialized nations. The bacteria is typically found in water environments such as freshwater lakes and rivers. Feb 26, 2019 cholera is an acute infection of the small intestine that is a particular problem in developing countries where access to clean drinking water and hygiene measures are poor. Organisms are highly motile and possess a single polar flagellum. Epidemiologic study of vibrio cholerae o1 and o9 in. May 15, 2009 an epidemiological study of vibrio cholerae o1 in the australian environment based on rrna gene polymorphisms volume 115 issue 3 p. To clarify the population dynamics and transmission of vibrio cholerae in pakistan, we sequenced the genomes of all v. Genomic epidemiology of vibrio cholerae reveals the regional. Management of cholera case treatment was evaluated during an outbreak among mozambican refugees in malawi in 1990. To characterize the epidemiology of this disease, a hospitalbased casecontrol study was conducted in samutsakorn, a port city 30 km southwest of bangkok. Vibrio cholerae is a gramnegative, commashaped bacterium. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration. Etiology cholera follows ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium, vibrio cholerae 7.
Molecular epidemiology of geographically dispersed vibrio cholerae, kenya, january 2009may 2010 ahmed abade mohamed, joseph oundo, samuel m. There have been seven cholera pandemics since 1817, and all continents except antarctica have had. A 4year study of the epidemiology of vibrio cholerae in four rural. To analyze the clone polymorphism of o9 isolates in china, 117 strains of v. Oct 29, 2019 though we did not culture water to confirm contamination with vibrio cholerae, we hypothesize that the cholera epidemic in kasese 2017 was sparked off by consumption of contaminated water following the heavy floods that washed away latrines into water sources in bwera, isango and nakiyumbu subcounties. The bacteriums natural habitat is brackish or saltwater where they attach themselves easily to the chitincontaining shells of crabs, shrimps, and other shellfish.
In wachsmuth i, blake p, olsvik o ed, vibrio cholerae and cholera. Toxigenic vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o9 serogroups, the causative agents of cholera, undergo frequent genetic changes leading to the origination of. Cholera is a severe intestinal disease caused by the bacteria, vibrio cholerae vibreeo collarah. Cholera epidemiology, prevention and control intechopen. Cholera is a rapidly dehydrating diarrheal disease caused by a toxinproducing bacteria, vibrio cholerae.
Vibrio cholerae is transmitted through contaminated water and food. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the disease spread globally beyond asia seven times, referred to as cholera pandemics. Toxigenic vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o9 serogroups, the causative agents of cholera, undergo frequent genetic changes leading to the origination of diverse clones, which can be differentiated using defined genetic markers. Vibrio cholerae 01 eltor is the commonest strain in nigeria 16. Current perspectives on the epidemiology and pathogenesis. Outbreaks of cholera cause significant disease burden, especially in developing countries. There is no difference in the illness caused by the two serogroups 7. Polymorphism of ribotypes and ctx elements mei qu, jing xu, yanpeng ding, ruibai wang, peng liu, biao kan, guoming qi, yanqing liu, and shouyi gao priority laboratory of medical molecular bacteriology of ministry of health, institute of epidemiology. Cholera and other vibrioassociated diarrhoeas ncbi. Pandemics, pathogenicity and changing molecular epidemiology. Keywords vibrio cholerae, shanghai cholera, 7th pandemic, wholegenome sequencing, comparative genomics v ibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a lifethreatening disease characterized by severe, watery diarrhea 1, 2. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae shah m.
Epidemiologic notes and reports nono1 vibrio cholerae gastroenteritisnew hampshire. Descriptions of clinical illness consistent with cholera date back to antiquity. Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium vibrio cholerae. Jul 02, 2012 vibrio cholerae 01 eltor is the commonest strain in nigeria 16. Jan 17, 2019 cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium vibrio cholerae. In the united states, cholera occurs in persons who travel to foreign countries where outbreaks of cholera are occurring and who drink contaminated water and food there, or those who eat raw or undercooked seafood, including seafood from the gulf of mexico. Vibrio vulnificus expert information and epidemiology services. In august 2010, pakistan experienced major floods and a subsequent cholera epidemic. Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acute dehydrating diarrhea that occurs in epidemic and pandemic forms 1, 2. This bacterium consists of a wide variety of strains and biotypes, capable of receiving and transferring genes for toxins waldor and. Except for vibrio cholerae o1 and vibrio parahaemolyticus, there is little direct evidence linking the production of a myriad of cellassociated.
Genomic epidemiology of vibrio cholerae o1 associated with. Shellfish found in united states coastal waters can be contaminated with v. While cholera epidemics have been extensively described and studied, epidemiologic understanding of the transmission of v. Mekalanos2 molecular genetics laboratory, international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, dhaka, bangladesh,1 and department of microbiology and molecular genetics, harvard medical school, boston, massachusetts. Cdc responds to cholera outbreaks across the world using its global water. Purpose of surveillance, investigation, and reporting to understand the epidemiology of vibriosis in california and to develop targeted. However, globally, cholera cases have increased steadily since 2005 and the disease still occurs in many places including africa, southeast asia, and haiti. Seven distinct pandemics of cholera have occurred since the onset of the first pandemic in 1817. An integrated evaluation in the countries of the lake chad basin.
Contemporary understanding of vibrio cholerae and cholera. Cholera is endemic in southern asia and parts of africa and latin america, where seasonal outbreaks occur widely and are particularly associated with. Year study of the epidemiology of vibrio cholerae in. Vibrio cholerae1 description taxonomy and serological classi. The etiologic agent and pathogenesis of infection with toxigenic v.
This organism is not communicable from person to person. The survival of vibrio cholerae o1, biotype e1 tor, in the types of water storage containers used in africa has been studied. Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, an acutely dehydrating diarrheal disease that can kill its victims within hours if left untreated. The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Epidemiologic notes and reports nono1 vibrio cholerae. Since 1977, vibrio cholerae o1 has been isolated from the australian aquatic environment and periodically cholera cases have occurred following exposure to these environments. Epidemiology, prevention and control of cholera in hong kong. The human pathogen vibrio cholerae can thrive in a wide variety of vastly different environments. The disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of untreated patients. Vibriosis is a potentially serious illness caused by a group of bacteria called vibrio. Microbiology and epidemiology vibrio cholerae is a curved motile gramnegative bacillus v. Pdf trends in the genomic epidemiology of vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae o9 bengal emerged on the indian subcontinent in late 1992 and was first recognized in thailand in 1993.
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. In the united states, cholera occurs in persons who travel to foreign countries where outbreaks of cholera are occurring and who drink contaminated water and food there, or those who eat raw or undercooked seafood, including seafood from the gulf. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by certain strains of the bacterium vibrio cholerae who gets cholera. Here we describe the international scenario of vibrio cholerae with a comparative analysis of different aspects of typing. Infection with vibrio bacteria can cause two types of illness. Vibrio cholerae, a gramnegative, nonspore forming curved rod is found in diverse aquatic ecosystems around the planet. Cholera is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called vibrio cholerae. These features of cholera have been hypothesized to be primarily the result of environmental factors associated with aquatic habitats that can now be identified. Cholera is usually transmitted to people or animals through contaminated water sources. Vibrio parahaemolyticus information and epidemiology services. Toxigenic vibrio cholerae of the o1 or o9 serogroups, the causative agents of cholera, undergo frequent genetic changes leading to the origination of diverse clones, which can be differentiated.
Vibrio cholerae is a normal inhabitant of aquatic environments such as drinking water, freshwater, wastewater, brackish water and sea water. Although many species of vibrio exist, most vibriosis noncholera cases are caused by vibrio vulnificus or vibrio parahaemolyticus. The clinical approach to patients with cholera is discussed separately. The disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of. Developments in dna analysis techniques have introduced several new typing methods that have enabled to study the. Genomic epidemiology of vibrio cholerae reveals the. Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a lifethreatening disease characterized by severe, watery diarrhea 1, 2. Since 1990, large outbreaks were reported in 1991, 1996, 1999 and from 2009 to 2011 fig. The epidemiology of cholera in africa, page 1 of 2. Cholera, caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae, is an acute watery diarrheal syndrome. To study the relationships between clinical isolates and environmental isolates from rivers and aquatic life, widely distributed throughout the country, a wide range of. Summary cholera caused by toxigenic vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem confronting developing countries, where outbreaks occur in a regular seasonal pattern and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation.
421 884 1211 1493 1120 409 876 815 343 349 1557 164 670 808 980 301 1548 52 213 48 465 655 329 749 403 990 231 506 990 963 1258 455 859 1234 358 182 184 1008 867 580 159 1243 892 327 45